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I-FRP Bridge Decks: I-Revolutionary Material Ekwakhiweni Kwebhuloho
2023-12-08 17:29:17
I-Lorem Ipsum imane iwumbhalo oyindida wemboni yokunyathelisa nokuhlela izinhlobo. I-Lorm Ipsum kube umbhalo ojwayelekile wemboni we-dummy wathatha igalaji yohlobo wawuphenya ukuze wenze uhlobo lwencwadi yesifanekiso. I-Lorem Ipsum imane iwumbhalo oyindida wokuphrinta nokuhlela izinhlobo I-Lorem Ipsum imane iwumbhalo oyindida wemboni yokunyathelisa nokuhlela.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamadekhi ebhuloho eFiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) kuguqula isimo sokwakhiwa kwebhuloho.
Amabhuloho endabuko enziwe ngokhonkolo oqinisiwe kanye nezakhiwo zensimbi kudala ehlushwa ukugqwala nokucekelwa phansi kukakhonkolo, angafinyeleli nje ukuphila kwamabhuloho kodwa futhi okungase kuholele ezingozini ezinkulu zokuphepha. Le nkinga ibucayi ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisogwini ezine-ion ephezulu ye-chloride, lapho ukugqwala kwamabhuloho kuyinkinga enkulu. Ngakho, ukwenza ngcono ukuqina kwezitezi zamabhuloho sekuyinselele enkulu kwezobunjiniyela bamabhuloho.
I-FRP ithathwa njengento efanelekile yokuthuthukisa ukuqina kwamabhuloho ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu. Izinhlelo zamabhuloho e-FRP ngokuvamile ziza ngezinhlobo ezimbili: izakhiwo ze-FRP zonke kanye namadekhi ayinhlanganisela ye-FRP-ukhonkolo, anamafomu ahlukahlukene ahlukene. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezitezi zikakhonkolo eziqinisiwe zendabuko, izitezi ze-FRP zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi: zenziwe ngaphambili ezimbonini, zilula, futhi ziyashesha ukuzifaka; bamelana ngokuphumelelayo nokugqwala okuvela kusawoti weqhwa, amanzi olwandle, nama-ion e-chloride, behlisa izindleko zokuyilungisa; isisindo sabo esilula sinciphisa umthwalo ezakhiweni ezisekelayo; njengezinto ezinwebekayo, zingabuyela esimweni sazo sangempela ngaphansi kokugcwala ngokweqile ngezikhathi ezithile; futhi banokusebenza okuhle kokukhathala. Ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo, amasistimu edekhi ye-FRP awasetshenziswa nje kuphela ekwakhiweni kwamabhuloho amasha kodwa futhi afanele ukuvuselelwa kwamabhuloho amadala, athathe indawo yedeski likakhonkolo elivamile. Lokhu akugcini nje ukunciphisa isisindo sedeskithophu kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwebhuloho.
Izici ezithwala imithwalo zamadekhi ebhuloho le-FRP ikakhulukazi zifaka izikhathi zokugoba, amandla okugunda, nengcindezi yendawo. Idekhi ye-FRP yonke ngokuvamile iqukethe izikhumba ze-FRP ezingaphezulu neziphansi kanye newebhu, enokucindezela okunesikhumba okuphezulu, ukungezwani okunesikhumba esiphansi, kanye newebhu ngokuyinhloko imelana namandla okugunda ngenkathi ixhuma izikhumba ezingaphezulu neziphansi. Ku-FRP-ukhonkolo/ukhuni oluyinhlanganisela yedeski, ukhonkolo noma ukhuni kubekwa endaweni yokuminyanisa, kuyilapho i-FRP ithwala kakhulu ukungezwani. Amandla okugunda phakathi kwawo adluliselwa ngezixhumi zokugunda noma izindlela zokunamathela. Ngaphansi kwemithwalo eyenziwe yasendaweni, amadekhi e-FRP nawo ahlangabezana nokugoba, ukugunda isibhakela, noma amandla okuchoboza; imithwalo ye-asymmetric iphinde ikhiqize i-torsion esigabeni. Njengoba i-FRP iwumsebenzi we-anisotropic kanye ne-non-homogeneous, imingcele yokusebenza kwayo kwemishini idinga ukunqunywa ngomklamo we-laminate, okwenza ukuklanywa kwamadekhi e-FRP kube inkimbinkimbi, edinga ukubambisana okuseduze phakathi kwabaklami nabahlinzeki be-FRP abangochwepheshe.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamadekhi ebhuloho e-FRP, angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezinhlanu eziyinhloko: Uhlobo A luyi-FRP sandwich panel; Uhlobo B luhlanganiswe ama-slabs angenalutho amaphrofayili e-FRP; Uhlobo C amashidi obuso be-FRP anamaphaneli angenalutho ayisisekelo; Uhlobo D ngamaphaneli ayinhlanganisela ye-FRP-ukhonkolo/okhuni; futhi Uhlobo E luyi-superstructures ye-FRP yonke. Lezi zinhlobo zezinhlelo zebhuloho le-FRP zisetshenziswe kumaphrojekthi wobunjiniyela amaningi.
Izinzuzo zezinhlelo zebhuloho le-FRP zifaka isisindo sazo esingasindi, ukumelana nokugqwala okuqinile, ukufakwa ngokushesha, amandla aphezulu esakhiwo, kanye nezindleko zokulungisa eziphansi. Ikakhulukazi ngokwesisindo, amadekhi ebhuloho e-FRP alula ngo-10% kuya ku-20% kunezitezi zikakhonkolo eziqinisiwe zendabuko, okusho ukuthi zingathuthukisa umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo nempilo yokuphila kwamabhuloho. Ukwengeza, ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala kwe-FRP, amadekhi asebenza kahle kakhulu ezinseleleni zeqhwa, iqhwa, noma amanzi anosawoti asetshenziselwa ukucwiliswa ezindaweni ezibandayo, okulindelwe isikhathi sokuphila seminyaka engu-75 kuya kweyi-100. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yamandla aphezulu ezinto zokwakha ze-FRP, izidingo zabo zokuklama zivame ukuba lukhuni kunezo zezinto ezivamile, kodwa idatha yokuhlola yangempela ibonisa ukuthi ukusebenza kwamadekhi ebhuloho le-FRP kudlula kude izidingo ezithile, okuqinisekisa isici sokuphepha esiphezulu.
Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukungalungi kwezitezi zebhuloho le-FRP, njengezindleko eziphezulu zempahla eluhlaza, kanye nebhuloho ngalinye elidinga ukwakheka komuntu ngamunye. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-FRP buyintsha, lokhu kusho ukuthi izindleko zokuklama ezengeziwe ziyadingeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu wesakhiwo kumadekhi ebhuloho le-FRP ebhulohweni ngalinye, abakhiqizi badinga ukwakha isikhunta ngasinye noma bathuthukise izinqubo zokukhiqiza zephrojekthi ngayinye, okuholela ekwehleni kwamavolumu okukhiqiza. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, ukusetshenziswa kwezitezi zebhuloho le-FRP kubunjiniyela bamabhuloho kusabonisa ithemba lentuthuko elibanzi.